This toolkit brings together a number of tools and frameworks which could be used alone or in combination to support healthcare settings, systems, and partnerships to assess and optimise their services with a population lens. The toolkit is a resource to aid in the identification of trends, needs, and disparities within communities, and to support effective planning and delivery, making the most efficient use of resources. The tools it contains are not intended to be prescriptive but to act as a guide to allow decisions to be taken in a systematic way.